viola alpina cyclic peptides alpine - vip-peptide-dosage-subcutaneous Viola Unveiling the World of Viola Alpina Cyclic Peptides

ss-31-peptide-fda-approved The genus *Viola*, commonly known as violets, is a remarkable botanical source of cyclic peptides, a class of molecules with diverse and potent biological activitiesThe alpine violet, Viola biflora, is a rich ...Cyclic peptides arising by evolutionary parallelismvia asparaginyl-endopeptidase–mediated biosynthesis ... proteins .... Among these, Viola alpina cyclic peptides have garnered significant scientific interest due to their unique structures and multifaceted applications作者：DJ Craik·2017·被引用次数：54—The alpine violet, Viola biflora,is a rich source of cyclotides with potent cytotoxicity. Phytochemistry 2008;69:939-952. 31. Gerlach SL, Burman R, Bohlin .... These naturally occurring compounds, often referred to as cyclotides, are characterized by their head-to-tail cyclic structure and a conserved arrangement of cysteine residues that form a stable cyclic cystine knot. Research has highlighted that the alpine violet, *Viola biflora*, in particular, is a rich source of these compounds, demonstrating their widespread presence and importance within the plant kingdom.

The Nature and Structure of Cyclotides

Cyclotides are a significant family of cyclic peptides found in plants, distinguished by their macrocyclic backbone formed by a head-to-tail peptide bond. This cyclic nature, coupled with the presence of three disulfide bonds linking six conserved cysteine residues, confers exceptional stability to these molecules. This structural rigidity allows them to withstand harsh environmental conditions and enzymatic degradation, contributing to their persistence and efficacyCyclotides from an Extreme Habitat: Characterisation ofCyclic PeptidesfromViolaabyssinica of the Ethiopian Highlands. ... Thealpineviolet,Violabiflora, is .... The core structure typically consists of 28–37 amino acids, forming a compact and intricate three-dimensional arrangementIn this study, we show that thealpinevioletViolabiflora (Violaceae) is a rich source of cyclotides. The sequences of 11 cyclotides, Vibi A-K, were detd .... While the overall framework is conserved, significant variations in amino acid sequences exist, leading to a diverse array of cyclotides with distinct properties and functions.

Biological Activities and Applications

The biological significance of Viola alpina cyclic peptides extends across a broad spectrum of activitiesDiscovery and mechanistic studies of cytotoxic cyclotides from the .... Studies have revealed their potential as antimicrobial agents, exhibiting potent cytotoxicity against various pathogens, including bacteria. The cyclotide cycloviolacin O2 from *Viola odorata*, for instance, has demonstrated potent bactericidal activity against Gram-negative bacteria. Beyond their antimicrobial prowess, cyclotides have also been investigated for their anti-HIV, insecticidal, and hemolytic properties.In this study, we show that thealpinevioletViolabiflora (Violaceae) is a rich source of cyclotides. The sequences of 11 cyclotides, Vibi A-K, were detd ... Furthermore, some cyclotides have shown promise in anti-cancer applications, inducing programmed cell death in cancer cells. Their ability to interact with biological membranes and protein targets makes them valuable candidates for therapeutic development and as tools in biochemical research.

Diversity within the Viola Genus

The genus *Viola* is a prolific producer of cyclotides, with numerous species contributing to the known repertoire of these peptides. Research has identified a wide array of cyclotides from different *Viola* species, including *Viola tricolor*, *Viola odorata*, and *Violahederacea*(PDF) Discovery and characterization of cyclotides, plant .... For example, analyses of *Viola tricolor* have revealed not only cyclic peptides but also their acyclic counterparts, suggesting complex biosynthetic pathways. The discovery of new cyclotides from various *Viola* species continues to expand our understanding of their structural diversity and functional roles. This ongoing exploration underscores the Violaceae family as a treasure trove for novel bioactive compoundsPrimary Structural Analysis of Cyclotides· General information · Details · List of references · Publications that cite this publication ....

Research and Future Directions

The study of Viola alpina cyclic peptides is an active and evolving field. Current research focuses on elucidating the complete range of their biological activities, understanding their biosynthetic mechanisms, and exploring their potential for drug discovery and agricultural applications.(PDF) Isolation and characterization of cyclotides from the ... The inherent stability and diverse bioactivities of cyclotides make them attractive candidates for developing new pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and other bioactive agents. Continued investigation into the primary structural analysis of cyclotides and their evolutionary pathways will undoubtedly yield further insights into their remarkable properties and unlock new avenues for their utilization.